Fundamentals of surveying

by S. K. Roy

Written in a simple and lucid language, Fundamentals of surveying at the outset, presents a thorough introduction to the subject.

Different measurement errors with their types and nature are described along with measurement of horizontal distances and electronic distances measurements.

Fundamentals of surveying covers in detail the topics in levelling, angles and directions and compass survey.

The functions and uses of different instruments, such as theodolites, tacheometers and stadia rods are also covered in the text.

Besides, the book elaborates different fields of surveying, such as plane table surveying,

topographical surveying, construction surveying and underground surveys.

Finally, the book includes a chapter on computer applications in surveying.

Two basic principles of surveying are:

• Always work from whole to the part, and

• To locate a new station by at least two measurements ( Linear or angular) from fixed reference points.

t is the art of measuring horizontal and vertical distances between objects, of measuring angles between lines, of determining the direction of lines, and of establishing points by predetermined angular and linear measurements.

Along with the actual survey measurements are the mathematical calculations.

Plumb is the counterpart to a level which means to be perfectly horizontal.

It is useful for the accuracy of any type of surveying and done, prior to any other activities on the field. Hence, also called the fundamental line of surveying.